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<title>Open Archives Initiative</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open Archives Initiative</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Open_Archival_Information_System" title="Open Archival Information System">OAIS</a>, a conceptual framework for organizing archival repositories, or with the similarly named <a href="Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a>.</div>

<p>The <b>Open Archives Initiative</b> (<b>OAI</b>) was an informal organization, in the circle around the colleagues <a href="Herbert_Van_de_Sompel" title="Herbert Van de Sompel">Herbert Van de Sompel</a>, Carl Lagoze, Michael L. Nelson and Simeon Warner,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to develop and apply technical <a href="Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> standards for archives to share catalogue information (metadata).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AboutOAI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutOAI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group got together in the late late 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was active for around twenty years. OAI coordinated in particular three specification activities: OAI-PMH,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OAI-ORE<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ResourceSync.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All along the group worked towards building a "low-barrier <a href="Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> framework" for archives (<a href="Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repositories</a>) containing <a href="Digital_content" title="Digital content">digital content</a> (<a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital libraries</a>) to allow people (service providers) harvest <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> (from data providers).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such sets of metadata are since then harvested to provide "value-added services", often by combining different data sets.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>OAI has been involved in developing a technological framework and interoperability <a href="Standardization" title="Standardization">standards</a> for enhancing access to <a href="Eprint" title="Eprint">eprint</a> archives, which make <a href="Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">scholarly</a> <a href="Communication" title="Communication">communications</a> like <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> available, associated with the <a href="Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> <a href="Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> movement. The relevant technology and standards are applicable beyond scholarly publishing.

</p><p>The OAI technical infrastructure, specified in the <a href="Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol for Metadata Harvesting">Protocol for Metadata Harvesting</a> (OAI-PMH) version 2.0,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines a mechanism for data providers to expose their metadata. This <a href="Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a> mandates that individual archives map their metadata to the <a href="Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a>, a common metadata set for this purpose. OAI standards allow a common way to provide content, and part of those standards is that the content has metadata that describes the items in Dublin Core format. <a href="Object_Reuse_and_Exchange" title="Object Reuse and Exchange">Object Reuse and Exchange</a> (OAI-ORE)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of <a href="Web_resource" title="Web resource">web resources</a>.

</p><p>Funding for the initiative came from the <a href="Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a>, <a href="Coalition_for_Networked_Information" title="Coalition for Networked Information">Coalition for Networked Information</a> (CNI), <a href="Digital_Library_Federation" title="Digital Library Federation">Digital Library Federation</a> (DLF), <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF), the <a href="Alfred_P._Sloan_Foundation" title="Alfred P. Sloan Foundation">Alfred P. Sloan Foundation</a>, and other organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutOAI_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutOAI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library" title="Analytical Sciences Digital Library">Analytical Sciences Digital Library</a> (ASDL)</li>

<li><a href="Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Digital_Library_Program" title="National Digital Library Program">National Digital Library Program</a> (NDLP)</li>

<li><a href="National_Digital_Information_Infrastructure_and_Preservation_Program" title="National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program">National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program</a> (NDIIPP)</li>

<li><a href="Scientific_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Commons">Scientific Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a></li>

<li><a href="E-Theses_Online_Service" title="E-Theses Online Service">E-Theses Online Service</a> EThOS a service provided by the <a href="British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> using OAI</li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Molecular_Matrix" title="World Wide Molecular Matrix">World Wide Molecular Matrix</a> (WWMM)</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2014" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Karen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iCpLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects</i></a>. Facet Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>39. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85604-820-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2001" class="citation arxiv cs1">Warner, Simeon (2001-06-28). "Exposing and harvesting metadata using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol: A tutorial". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0106057">cs/0106057</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_SompelNelsonLagozeWarner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Van de Sompel, Herbert; Nelson, Michael L.; Lagoze, Carl; Warner, Simeon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december04/vandesompel/12vandesompel.html">"Resource Harvesting within the OAI-PMH Framework"</a>. <i>D-Lib Magazine</i>. <b>10</b> (12). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1045%2Fdecember2004-vandesompel">10.1045/december2004-vandesompel</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1082-9873">1082-9873</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLagozeVan_de_Sompel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lagoze, Carl; Van de Sompel, Herbert (2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/07378830310479776/full/html">"The making of the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting"</a></span>. <i>Library Hi Tech</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>128. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F07378830310479776">10.1108/07378830310479776</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-8831">0737-8831</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-AboutOAI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AboutOAI_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AboutOAI_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/OAI-organization.php">Open Archives Initiative -> About OAI</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_SompelLagoze2000" class="citation journal cs1">Van de Sompel, Herbert; Lagoze, Carl (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/vandesompel-oai/02vandesompel-oai.html">"The Santa Fe Convention of the Open Archives Initiative"</a>. <i>D-Lib Magazine</i>. <b>6</b> (2). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1045%2Ffebruary2000-vandesompel-oai">10.1045/february2000-vandesompel-oai</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1082-9873">1082-9873</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLagozeVan_de_SompelNelsonWarner2002" class="citation web cs1">Lagoze, Carl; Van de Sompel, Herbert; Nelson, Michael; Warner, Simeon (2002-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html">"Open Archives Initiative - Protocol for Metadata Harvesting - v.2.0"</a>. <i>www.openarchives.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/toc.html">"ORE Specifications and User Guides - Table of Contents"</a>. <i>www.openarchives.org</i>. 2014 [2008]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_SompelNelsonKleinSanderson2013" class="citation cs2">Van de Sompel, Herbert; Nelson, Michael L.; Klein, Martin; Sanderson, Robert (2013), Aalberg, Trond; Papatheodorou, Christos; Dobreva, Milena; Tsakonas, Giannis (eds.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-40501-3_70">"ResourceSync: The NISO/OAI Resource Synchronization Framework"</a></span>, <i>Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries</i>, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8092, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. <span class="nowrap">488–</span>489, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-40501-3_70">10.1007/978-3-642-40501-3_70</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-40500-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-26</span></span></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openarchives.org/rs/toc.html">"ResourceSync Framework Specification - Table of Contents"</a>. <i>www.openarchives.org</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niso.org/publications/z3999-2017-resourcesync">"ANSI/NISO Z39.99-2017 ResourceSync Framework Specification | NISO website"</a>. <i>www.niso.org</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArmsDushayFulkerLagoze2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arms, William Y.; Dushay, Naomi; Fulker, Dave; Lagoze, Carl (2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/07378830310479866/full/html">"A case study in metadata harvesting: the NSDL"</a></span>. <i>Library Hi Tech</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">228–</span>237. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F07378830310479866">10.1108/07378830310479866</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-8831">0737-8831</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHorwoodSullivanYoungGarner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Horwood, Lynne; Sullivan, Shirley; Young, Eve; Garner, Jane (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/01435120410533756/full/html">"OAI compliant institutional repositories and the role of library staff"</a>. <i>Library Management</i>. <b>25</b> (4/5): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>176. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F01435120410533756">10.1108/01435120410533756</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F33742">11343/33742</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5124">0143-5124</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60593691">60593691</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSulemanFox2003" class="citation journal cs1">Suleman, Hussein; Fox, Edward A. (2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/07378830310479857/full/html">"Leveraging OAI harvesting to disseminate theses"</a></span>. <i>Library Hi Tech</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>227. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F07378830310479857">10.1108/07378830310479857</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-8831">0737-8831</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFColeFoulonneau2007" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Timothy W.; Foulonneau, Muriel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maZhQgAACAAJ&q=%22Open+Archives+Initiative%22"><i>Using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting</i></a>. Libraries Unlimited. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59158-280-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShreevesHabingHagedornYoung2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shreeves, Sarah L.; Habing, Thomas G.; Hagedorn, Kat; Young, Jeffery (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/609">"Current developments and future trends for the OAI Protocol for Metadata Harvesting"</a>. <i>Library Trends</i>. <b>53</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">576–</span>589.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReese2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reese, Terry (2009-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ala.org/lrts/article/view/5366">"Automated Metadata Harvesting: Low-Barrier MARC Record Generation from OAI-PMH Repository Stores Using MarcEdit"</a>. <i>Library Resources & Technical Services</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>134. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Flrts.53n2.121">10.5860/lrts.53n2.121</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2527">0024-2527</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openarchives.org/">Official website</a></span></span> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314214736/http://oai.sdu.edu.tr/">Suleyman Demirel University Open Archives Harvester</a> via archive.org</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020305202440/http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/">Largest OAI-Harvester (OAIster)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313082822/http://www.scientificcommons.org/">ScientificCommons.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rechercheisidore.fr">ISIDORE : a french portal in arts & humanities based on OAI and SemWeb</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uilib-oai.sourceforge.net/">UIUC OAI Metadata Harvesting Project</a></li>

<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.lib.uh.edu/cwb/oab.pdf">Open Access Bibliography: Liberating Scholarly Literature with E-Prints and Open Access Journals</a></i></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628103036/http://www.openarchives.eu/">Openarchives.eu - The European Guide to OAI-PMH compliant repositories in the world</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Open_access383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement" title="Timeline of the open-access movement">Timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li>

<li><a href="Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li>

<li><a href="Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li>

<li><a href="Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li>

<li><a href="Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Declaration_on_the_Future_of_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization">Geneva Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">Open-access repository</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Books">Directory of Open Access Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li>

<li><a href="Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640343#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata910" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640343#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata910" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147315389">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16072176-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005048985">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007604161905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058618251106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/3ec37494-7eb3-4f91-b6d9-1b25ec40da18">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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